While the U.S. struggles with the downturn of the economy, the
country is not realizing its potential to increase jobs and GDP through
international tourism – more specifically, Chinese outbound tourism.
The demand exists – the booming economy in China has enabled more and
more people to travel farther and for longer. The supply exists – the
US has great cultural, natural, and commercial resources to attract
tourists from different socioeconomic classes with a plethora of
different interests. So, what is missing? What is lacking that is the
most fundamental piece in bringing the demand to meet the supply for
tourism?
Providing the tourists with an easy visa obtainment process;
in other words, rolling out the red carpet for our guests.
The Chinese Tourism Demand is Growing and Lucrative
China, along with Brazil and India, has a rapidly
growing middle class population that is already spending billions of
dollars on overseas travel. The most popular activity being “shopping,”
Chinese tourists spend considerably more money compared with tourists
from other countries. According to data from 2010, at $6,243, the
average travel spending (“the spending”) per Chinese visitor to U.S.
was higher than the average travel spending per any other international
tourist. The spending per visitor from India and Brazil followed at
$6,131 and $4,940. By comparison, the same measure from key European
countries (Germany, France, and United Kingdom) was only $3,132, or
roughly a half of the Chinese visitor’s.
Between 2000 and 2010, Chinese outbound travel increased more
than five-fold, from approximately 10.5 million visitors to 57.4
million visitors which equates to a compounded annual rate of 18.5%.
Forecasts anticipate this pace of growth will be sustained; between
2010 and 2020, the number of visitors is expected to increase by 151%1.
The Current U.S. Visa Obtainment Process Does Not
Accommodate the Demand
For an average middle class Chinese citizen to obtain a
visa to visit the U.S., the visa candidate has to jump through multiple
bureaucratic hoops and incur various costs as summarized below. The
process can take as long as 120 days, compared with only twelve days to
obtain a visa from the United Kingdom consulate. While the United
States requires all applicants to be interviewed and the United Kingdom
does not, this factor alone does not explain the dramatic difference in
visa processing efficiency. The process, the costs associated and the
period for which visas are valid all contribute to the problem.
The Process
The current U.S. visa application process in China can be summarized as
follows:
- Applicant assembles required documentation and a properly
formatted digital photo
- Applicant pays $140 fee directly to designated branches of
CITIC Bank2
- Applicant purchases a pre-paid PIN card from the bank or
online, which is used to schedule an interview appointment or ask
questions about the visa process
- Applicant completes visa application online in English
- Applicant waits two to 100 (or more) days for interview
- If no consulate is nearby, the applicant must travel to the
city in which a consulate is located; this often requires an overnight
stay
- Applicant waits in line, usually for hours, to be
interviewed at the consulate
- Application is reviewed, fingerprints are taken and name
check is performed
- Applicant interview takes place while the supporting
documents are reviewed
- Name check results are reviewed
- Applicant is informed of denial or approval onsite; if a
security advisory opinion (SAO) is needed, the applicant returns home
and waits a minimum of 20 days until an inter-agency review is conducted
- Applicant picks up passport and visa at a designated post
office
Altogether, the process is cumbersome, time consuming, and
inefficient for the applicant.
Cost and Accessibility
In a survey conducted by U.S. Travel Association, more
than 40% of Chinese respondents cited visa costs as a barrier. Starting
with the application fee of $140, potential additional fees could add
another $50. On top of the visa processing fees, applicants who do not
live in one of the five cities in which a U.S. consulate is located
incur hundreds or thousands of dollars in expenses (and take time off
from their work or studies) to undergo the mandatory face-to-face
interview. While the U.S. has only five consulates in China, the United
Kingdom and France have twelve and six consulates respectively.
Providing easier accessibility to the U.S. consulate would enable
tourists to travel to the U.S. and spend money that would otherwise be
spent on trips to other consulate locations.
Validity period
Chinese nationals must apply for new U.S. visas every
year. For most other countries, citizens receive 10-year multiple entry
visas to the U.S. For some countries under Visa Waiver Program3, a visa is not required for visits of 90 days or
less. Chinese tourists who may be traveling more than once in ten years
have to visit the consulate more often than other countries’ citizens,
making a need for a more efficient, accessible process even more
critical.
One-year visa expiration is disruptive and expensive not only for
Chinese visa applicants but also for American business and universities
that attract international citizens. In the case of universities
One-year visa expiration is disruptive and expensive not only for
Chinese visa applicants but also for American business and universities
that attract international citizens. In the case of universities in
particular, international students seldom qualify for any financial aid
and yet still pay the full tuition; therefore, it is in the best
interest of the school and the government to make the visa process as
easy as possible for the international students. China has become the
single greatest source of international students in the U.S. According
to the Opendoors 2010 Facts Report on college demographics for
international students; over 127,000 students came from China to attend
a U.S. college for the 2009-2010 academic year, and the number is only
growing.
Case Study: South Korea’s Success
Supported by Eased Visa Requirements
South Korea is one of the closest places to travel from
China; Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, is only 600 miles from
Beijing, the capital city of China, or approximately a two-hour plane
ride. Despite this clear advantage, however, South Korea lagged behind
its competitors in capturing the growing Chinese tourists from 2000 to
2005, due to strict restrictions by Korea as well as Chinese
authorities.
In July of 2006, South Korea added China to the Visa Waiver Program
(VWP) of Jeju-island, Korea’s largest island and a significant tourism
demand generator, as part of an effort to reduce travel restrictions
for Chinese tourists. After the introduction of VWP, and various other
efforts, Korea experienced a 91% increase in the number of Chinese
tourists from 2006 to 2009.
In 2010, South Korea ranked as China’s most popular overseas
destination with approximately 1.9 million mainland Chinese visitors -
a 40% increase from 2009 and a 55% increase from 2008. The success in
2010 was supported by Korea’s initiative to issue multiple-entry visas
to employees of China’s top 500 companies, schoolteachers, pensioners,
holders of various professional licenses and graduates of prestigious
colleges.
South Korea continues to take different measures to provide
easier entry to the country for eligible Chinese citizens. The country
announced a plan to provide “double-entry" visas allowing Chinese
citizens to enter the country twice within a set period of time for
tourism purposes. The tourism ministry estimates the new measures will
help attract roundly 3 million Chinese tourists annually beginning in
2012.
Currently the challenge faced by Korea is catering to the different
customer segments. The country lacks select- or limited-service hotels
to host the value-oriented tour groups that want to spend the least
time and money at a lodging facility. The U.S., however, has a wide
array of hotel brands serving all segments. The challenge for the U.S.
is to open the doors and roll the carpets out for the tourists just
waiting to visit.
Industry Efforts Are Pushing for a More Efficient and
Eased Visa Processing
"As a nation, we're putting up a 'keep out' sign."
-Roger Dow, president, U.S. Travel Association
The U.S. Travel Association, a national organization for tourism trade,
is working to persuade the American public and its elected leaders of
the necessity to ease back on restrictions on foreign tourists via a
plan called “Ready for Takeoff.” The organization stresses that
security should be provided through technology and information sharing
rather than inefficient visa processing, and points out the potential
benefits of attracting the growing tourism demand from emerging
countries such as China, Brazil, and India. U.S. Travel Association
insists that “Those bent on illegal activity will try to find ways
around the roadblocks. The legal visitor likely will go somewhere more
welcoming. That’s a policy the country can ill afford during a major
recession.”
The increase in foreign visitors will undoubtedly create jobs
for the hospitality sector. The “Ready for Takeoff” plan has a Steering
Committee of which more than half comprises major hotel brands as
evidence of the importance of this source of tourism to the hospitality
industry.
FIGURE 1. "READY FOR
TAKEOFF" STEERING COMMITTEE
On January 19, 2012, President Obama issued an executive order
to establish goals for improving visa and foreign-visitor processing
times, and to create a task force on travel and competitiveness. The
president visited Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, to announce
these initiatives, which are intended to encourage more foreign
tourists to visit the United States. Within 60 days, several agencies -
including the departments of state and homeland security - must
collaborate on a plan to achieve the goals of improving visa
processing, particularly for China, Brazil, and India.
The government’s New Year’s resolution is an important first
step. The hospitality industry should be poised to participate and
support this initiative to capture new sources and levels of tourism
demand.
Ready for Takeoff, U.S. travel Association based on data from U.S.
department of Commerce and Oxford Economics “Global Growth in Long-Haul
Outbound Travel, 2010-2020. p. 17
Erin Kim is an analyst at the HVS New York office. Erin earned her
bachelor's degree from Cornell University, School of Hotel
Administration and gained internship experience in hospitality and
financial services. Contact Erin at +1 (516) 248-8828 or
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